I remember back in physical therapy school the importance of evaluating and
treating people with various problems that were often directly related to poor
posture. We remember as children hearing from our mothers and grandmothers
to “sit up straight”, or “don’t slouch”. Little did they know that we
physically could not do what they wanted us to do. For whatever reason,
whether it was tight muscles, weak muscles, crooked spines, long or short
legs, we just couldn’t do what they wanted us to do. Then over time, these
minor malformations continued to persist and even in some cases worsened as we
grew older.
The purpose of this article is to provide you with some basic information
regarding your body. Most of you have had minor aches and pains, while others
may have experienced, unfortunately, more severe injuries. It’s easy to
understand when we have a fall or trip and land funny on our knee, or twist
our ankle from uneven pavement, but it sure is quite confusing when we awake
one day with that little annoying hip pain. The truth of the matter is that
the surprising hip pain has been developing for quite some time. It just
decided to show its ugly head at this point in time. But why am I having this
pain now? I’ve never had this pain before. Why all of a sudden does my hip
hurt? I haven’t done anything out of the ordinary. The importance lies within
the body’s own adaptive potential.
The basic premise here is that the body functions as a single unit with many
components. Each component influences and is influenced by other components.
Efficient and normal motion occurs from the complex integration of all
components. Human movement is achieved through the relationships of the
kinetic chain. The kinetic chain includes all bones, muscles and joints of the
human body, but more specifically the lower half; the feet, ankles, legs,
knees, hips, pelvis, and low back. This linkage system is made up of many
component parts, each with their own set of specifications. These
specifications are similar to what you might find for certain machine parts.
In a way, the human body can be thought of as a machine. However, unlike a
machine that is comprised of right angles and nuts & bolts, the human body has
the capacity to compensate for a malfunctioning part, and in most cases, in
more than one area. The human body seeks symmetry. It will do whatever it
takes to achieve that and in doing so will compromise tissue health. In turn,
it will wreak havoc on the proper biomechanics of human movement, which will
greatly affect performance. The human body is the “great compensator”. It will
seek and follow the path of least resistance.
The goal of any movement should seek the minimum amount of energy expenditure
and maximum joint stability. In human walking, the wide variety of structure
and control requires complex integrations for an efficient motor program. The
most observable sign of this is a smooth progression of the body’s center of
mass during ambulation.
Healthy tissue needs force in order to remain healthy. It requires an optimal
amount of stress. Too much or too little can be destructive! Remember we
talked about how a tissue’s specifications are similar to those of a machine?
Well, when a tissue’s tolerance to absorb force is exceeded, tissue breakdown
occurs and inflammation and pain follow. When inflammation and pain are
present, one’s performance will surely suffer the consequences.
One significant condition that impacts healthy tissue is a leg length
discrepancy. Oh, but that’s normal isn’t it? Everybody has one leg longer than
the other. Don’t they? Sure, not everybody has exact proportional measurements
when they compare the right and left sides of their body. First of all, how
much is significant? This question has been the source of much debate in
recent decades. There have been numerous studies in the medical literature
that examined the effects of leg length on various structures, most notably in
regards to the lower extremities and the low back. Leg length discrepancies
break all of the rules required for healthy joints in the lower extremities
and the spine. In response to the asymmetry, muscles will structurally shorten
or lengthen to adapt to their new position. (See Figure)
There are two types of leg length discrepancies that are present. A structural
leg length discrepancy is the anatomical case in which one bone may be longer
or shorter than the other. A functional leg length discrepancy refers to the
result of something occurring in your body such as a soft tissue contracture
or abnormal joint mobility. The most notable functional leg length discrepancy
involves the feet. When we say a foot is pronated we mean that it is flat
(little to no arch integrity), whereas a supinated foot refers to a foot that
has an arch. Generally speaking, a pronated foot creates a short leg, and
supinated foot creates a long leg. Of course, during the normal gait cycle,
there are appropriate amounts of supination and pronation that must occur in
order to achieve efficient and effective ambulation.
The most important role is being able to differentiate between the two.
Unfortunately, differentiating the two can be quite difficult. In most cases,
both situations occur simultaneously, with one masking the actual degree of
the other. Differentiating between the two scenarios requires an extensive
evaluation that involves gathering information from several manual tests
coupled with information gained from weight-bearing x-ray measurements. Once
the proper diagnosis has been made, there are various treatment options that
are available.
When a structural leg length discrepancy is present by itself, the most
logical option to equalize the leg length is simply by placing an appropriate
lift under the heel or under the entire foot itself, depending on the amount
of the discrepancy. Most research reports more than a 1/4 inch difference is
pathological. Some studies suggest that even an 1/8 inch difference can be
detrimental especially for the running athlete. Running causes the ground
reaction forces to increase up to fourfold, as well as, increasing the
metabolic demand. The range of motion of all joints increases with greater
muscle activity required to control these motions.
Treatment for the functional leg length discrepancy requires the skill of a
medical professional to address any soft tissue limitations. These are most
notably present in which the pelvis may be tilted or twisted in an unusual
position. This situation requires manual therapy techniques to align joints
properly and to reduce any unwanted muscle activity. In addition to aggressive
manual techniques, the use of custom foot orthotics may be recommended in
either a structural or a functional leg length situation. Asymmetrical foot
function may be causing the leg length discrepancy, therefore appropriate
application of an orthotic device will either correct or accommodate to the
asymmetry.
It should be quite clear that any treatment option chosen must be made only
after a thorough examination has been completed. The examination should
include an analysis of gait, an assessment of muscle length and strength,
joint mobility, and careful evaluation of foot function.
For more information on back pain and how to treat them effectively, read the
latest Back Pain Advisory from The Healthy Back Institute. You can get a free
copy of it here: http://www.losethebackpain.com
Submitted by:
- Name: Dr. Robert Duvall
- Date: 01/03/07 at 22:15
- Email: duvallarticles@yahoo.com
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